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The twenty imports Poland is best placed to replace.

Poland imported USD 327bn of manufactured goods in 2024 and exported USD 314bn. These are the twenty that sit closest to what it already makes well, with how concentrated the supply of each is.

USD 12bnthe twenty, imported in 2024
67products imported at scale, not yet exported well, and close to existing strengths
1715products Poland already exports well
21,259public purchases of goods joined to a product family, from Tenders Electronic Daily (EU)
The twenty

Demand, capability, exposure. Nothing else is claimed.

Each line shows the import bill, where it comes from, the nearest thing Poland already exports well, and how many countries make it. It does not say whether a plant in Poland would pay. That reason is not in any trade record, and it is the maker's question.

This edition carries public buyers from Tenders Electronic Daily (EU), 52,174 award notices from 2025-11-03 to 2026-11-02, joined to each product's customs heading through a crosswalk we authored. The buyers are shown as context and do not change the score, because award values in these records include framework ceilings and outliers that would distort it. The regional layer (where the capability sits) is built only where a country publishes regional trade by product, and Poland does not publish it in a form this record can read yet.

  1. 1

    Paper and paperboard: uncoated, fluting paper other than semi-chemical or straw, rolls or sheetsHS 480519

    Comes fromGermany 66%, 24 source countries
    Nearest export strengthPaper & paperboard: uncoated, testliner (recycled linerboard)... (exports USD 223m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 59m; 3 more lines in the heading, USD 219m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 6 of 8: import bill USD 416m, top 7 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 48 per cent (1); Germany supplies 66 per cent (2).

    USD 416mdown 18% on 2022
  2. 2

    Iron or non-alloy steel: bars and rods, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or hot-extruded, containing indentations, ribs, grooves...HS 721420

    Comes fromGermany 60%, 34 source countries
    Nearest export strengthIron or steel (excluding cast iron): tubes, pipes and hollow... (exports USD 148m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 90m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 6 of 8: import bill USD 335m, top 9 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 30 per cent (1); Germany supplies 60 per cent (2).

    USD 335mdown 3% on 2022
  3. 3

    Vehicles: break-down lorries, road-sweepers, spraying lorries, mobile workshops, mobile radiological units, and other...HS 870590

    Comes fromUnited States 41%, 33 source countries
    Nearest export strengthnone named
    Exports of this lineUSD 107m; 1 more line in the heading, USD 93m
    Public buyers in the family814 awards from 483 buyers. Most frequent: Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Oczyszczania w m. st. Warszawie sp. z o.o.

    Score 5 of 8: import bill USD 236m, top 13 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 23 per cent (2); United States supplies 41 per cent (1).

    USD 236mup 6% on 2022
  4. 4

    Wood: coniferous species, of fir (Abies spp.) and spruce (Picea spp.), sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled...HS 440712

    Comes fromSweden 36%, 21 source countries
    Nearest export strengthWood: coniferous species, of fir (Abies spp.) and spruce (Picea... (exports USD 71m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 50m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 5 of 8: import bill USD 200m, top 15 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 5 per cent (3).

    USD 200mdown 12% on 2022
  5. 5

    Iron or non-alloy steel: flat-rolled, width less than 600mm, plated or coated with zinc (not electrolytically)HS 721230

    Comes fromGermany 65%, 31 source countries
    Nearest export strengthIron or non-alloy steel: (not in coils), flat-rolled, of a width... (exports USD 79m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 38m; 3 more lines in the heading, USD 66m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 5 of 8: import bill USD 150m, top 20 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 32 per cent (1); Germany supplies 65 per cent (2).

    USD 150mdown 8% on 2022
  6. 6

    Medicaments: consisting of mixed or unmixed products n.e.c. in heading no. 3004, for therapeutic or prophylactic uses...HS 300490

    Comes fromGermany 25%, 75 source countries
    Nearest export strengthPigments: of a kind used in the manufacture of paints, other than... (exports USD 39m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 2.8bn; 6 more lines in the heading, USD 1.3bn
    Public buyers in the family19 awards from 8 buyers. Most frequent: Zespół Opieki Zdrowotnej

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 5.6bn, top 1 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 33 per cent (1).

    USD 5.6bnup 15% on 2022
  7. 7

    Propylene, other olefin polymers: polypropylene in primary formsHS 390210

    Comes fromGermany 22%, 53 source countries
    Nearest export strengthnone named
    Exports of this lineUSD 352m; 3 more lines in the heading, USD 580m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 833m, top 3 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 47 per cent (1).

    USD 833mdown 18% on 2022
  8. 8

    Ethylene polymers: in primary forms, polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94HS 390110

    Comes fromNetherlands 19%, 54 source countries
    Nearest export strengthnone named
    Exports of this lineUSD 112m; 4 more lines in the heading, USD 1.2bn
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 718m, top 4 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 48 per cent (1).

    USD 718mdown 24% on 2022
  9. 9

    Pumps and compressors: parts, of air or vacuum pumps, air or other gas compressors and fans, ventilating or recycling...HS 841490

    Comes fromChina 33%, 72 source countries
    Nearest export strengthPumps and compressors: for air, vacuum or gas, n.e.c. in heading no.... (exports USD 929m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 186m; 5 more lines in the heading, USD 551m
    Public buyers in the family61 awards from 37 buyers. Most frequent: Polska Grupa Górnicza S.A.

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 494m, top 6 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 43 per cent (1).

    USD 494mup 7% on 2022
  10. 10

    Electrical apparatus: switches n.e.c. in heading no. 8536, for a voltage not exceeding 1000 voltsHS 853650

    Comes fromGermany 35%, 109 source countries
    Nearest export strengthBoards, panels, consoles, desks and other bases: for electric... (exports USD 1.8bn)
    Exports of this lineUSD 282m; 5 more lines in the heading, USD 1.1bn
    Public buyers in the family67 awards from 33 buyers. Most frequent: ENEA Operator Sp. z o.o.

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 446m, top 7 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 27 per cent (1).

    USD 446mup 0% on 2022
  11. 11

    Machines and mechanical appliances: parts, of those having individual functionsHS 847990

    Comes fromGermany 34%, 71 source countries
    Nearest export strengthMachinery: parts for filtering or purifying liquids or gases (exports USD 325m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 272m; 4 more lines in the heading, USD 331m
    Public buyers in the family55 awards from 39 buyers. Most frequent: Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz to Instytut Chemii Przemysłowej imienia Profesora Ignacego Mościckiego

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 422m, top 7 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 39 per cent (1).

    USD 422mup 20% on 2022
  12. 12

    T-shirts, singlets and other vests: of textile materials (other than cotton), knitted or crochetedHS 610990

    Comes fromGermany 24%, 118 source countries
    Nearest export strengthJerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles: of... (exports USD 676m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 192m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 413m, top 7 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 41 per cent (1).

    USD 413mup 41% on 2022
  13. 13

    Electrical transformers, static converters and inductors: parts thereofHS 850490

    Comes fromChina 21%, 65 source countries
    Nearest export strengthElectric motors: AC motors, multi-phase, of an output not exceeding... (exports USD 140m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 215m; 3 more lines in the heading, USD 290m
    Public buyers in the family52 awards from 31 buyers. Most frequent: PGE Dystrybucja S.A.

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 357m, top 8 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 39 per cent (1).

    USD 357mup 13% on 2022
  14. 14

    Wine: still, in containers holding 2 litres or lessHS 220421

    Comes fromGermany 20%, 61 source countries
    Nearest export strengthnone named
    Exports of this lineUSD 53m; 3 more lines in the heading, USD 146m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 335m, top 9 per cent of candidates (3); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 46 per cent (1).

    USD 335mdown 4% on 2022
  15. 15

    Tissue, towel, napkin stock or similar: for household or sanitary use, cellulose, wadding webs of cellulose fibres, in...HS 480300

    Comes fromItaly 20%, 53 source countries
    Nearest export strengthPaper articles: toilet paper (exports USD 298m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 71m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 288m, top 11 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 14 per cent (2).

    USD 288mup 37% on 2022
  16. 16

    Machinery: for packing or wrappingHS 842240

    Comes fromItaly 41%, 46 source countries
    Nearest export strengthMachinery: parts of machinery of heading no. 8422 (exports USD 231m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 47m; 1 more line in the heading, USD 211m
    Public buyers in the family81 awards from 51 buyers. Most frequent: Agencja Mienia Wojskowego

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 266m, top 12 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 44 per cent (1); Italy supplies 41 per cent (1).

    USD 266mup 2% on 2022
  17. 17

    Radar apparatusHS 852610

    Comes fromCzech Republic 40%, 47 source countries
    Nearest export strengthValves: for oleohydraulic or pneumatic transmissions (exports USD 486m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 26m
    Public buyers in the family6 awards from 4 buyers. Most frequent: Centrum Zasobów Cyberprzestrzeni Sił Zbrojnych

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 265m, top 12 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 46 per cent (1); Czech Republic supplies 40 per cent (1).

    USD 265mup 102% on 2022
  18. 18

    Aluminium: alloys, hollow profilesHS 760421

    Comes fromGermany 22%, 50 source countries
    Nearest export strengthAluminium: structures (excluding prefabricated buildings of heading... (exports USD 657m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 82m
    Public buyers in the family1 award from 1 buyer. Most frequent: Polska Grupa Górnicza S.A.

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 236m, top 13 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 13 per cent (2).

    USD 236mdown 17% on 2022
  19. 19

    Machinery parts: not containing electrical connectors, insulators, coils, contacts or other electrical features...HS 848790

    Comes fromGermany 43%, 65 source countries
    Nearest export strengthPumps and liquid elevators: n.e.c. in heading no. 8413 (exports USD 75m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 102m; 1 more line in the heading, USD 36m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 152m, top 19 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 49 per cent (1); Germany supplies 43 per cent (1).

    USD 152mup 14% on 2022
  20. 20

    Medicaments: (not containing antibiotics, hormones, alkaloids or their derivatives), for therapeutic or prophylactic...HS 300390

    Comes fromHungary 44%, 38 source countries
    Nearest export strengthVitamins: n.e.c. in heading no. 2936, including natural concentrates (exports USD 19m)
    Exports of this lineUSD 49m
    Public buyers in the familynone matched to this product family

    Score 4 of 8: import bill USD 130m, top 23 per cent of candidates (2); proximity to Poland's export strengths in the top 49 per cent (1); Hungary supplies 44 per cent (1).

    USD 130mup 113% on 2022

The bill and its path, the sources and their unit values, who exports the line well, the nearest strengths, the public buyers where a country publishes them, and the method. We reply by email. Privacy

One line per customs heading. Products Poland already exports well and still imports are below, because they are a different conversation. No employment figures appear on this page, by decision.

Made here already, still imported

Scale conversations, not capability ones.

  • Vehicles: with both spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine and... imports USD 5.3bn, exports USD 2.3bn, top source Japan 20%
  • Footwear: n.e.c. in heading no. 6403, (not covering the ankle), outer soles of... imports USD 1.9bn, exports USD 829m, top source Germany 29%
  • T-shirts, singlets and other vests: of cotton, knitted or crocheted imports USD 1.6bn, exports USD 672m, top source Bangladesh 37%
  • Footwear: (other than sportswear), with outer soles of rubber or plastics and... imports USD 1.3bn, exports USD 522m, top source China 27%
  • Iron or non-alloy steel: flat-rolled, width 600mm or more, painted, varnished... imports USD 990m, exports USD 233m, top source Germany 19%
  • Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles: of cotton... imports USD 1.4bn, exports USD 676m, top source Germany 21%
  • Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles: of man-made... imports USD 1.2bn, exports USD 606m, top source China 27%
  • Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts: men's or boys', of... imports USD 1.4bn, exports USD 768m, top source Bangladesh 29%
  • Vehicles: with only compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine... imports USD 2.8bn, exports USD 2.2bn, top source Germany 41%
  • Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts: women's or girls', of... imports USD 1.2bn, exports USD 728m, top source Bangladesh 33%
How the twenty were chosen

Three scores, each from a field the record carries.

Import bill, 0 to 3, by percentile among the 2264 lines imported at USD 10m or more: above the median one point, top quarter two, top tenth three.

Proximity to export strengths, 0 to 3, on the same percentiles: the product-space method (Hidalgo, Klinger, Barabasi and Hausmann, Science 2007) on CEPII's BACI file of every bilateral trade flow for 2024, 157 countries and 5,388 products. Two products are close when the countries that export one well tend to export the other well. Only products in the upper half for proximity can enter the list at all: best placed is a proximity claim.

Supply concentration, 0 to 2: one point when a single country supplies 40 per cent or more, two at 60 per cent.

Public buyers, context only, never scored: 52,174 award notices from Tenders Electronic Daily (EU), 2025-11-03 to 2026-11-02, of which 25,879 were classified by the buyer as goods and 21,259 joined to a product family through a crosswalk we authored, because no official one exists. Only notices whose code names a specific product group are joined; broad division codes are left out. The join is a family, not an exact line, and the counts are a floor.

Scope. Manufactured goods, customs chapters 16 to 96, excluding ores, fuels and precious metals. Primary agriculture is out of scope for a page about manufacture.

What it cannot tell you

A map of where to look.

Trade data says what crossed the border, not why. Cost, scale, patents, tariffs and the plain fact that a supplier is good at it are all invisible here. The world file reconciles what each pair of countries reports, so a national customs file would differ in detail. Nothing on this page is a forecast or a promise.

Source: CEPII BACI, HS22, version 202601, years 2022 to 2024. Edition of 2026-11-03. The UK edition with its procurement and regional layers is at /made-here/.

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